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Syn: U. hesperina
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K+R reaction of medulla
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Habitat: At the tree line, S faced steep alpine grassland, open space, partly exposed to sun and rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.900 m (6.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a Larix decidua tree near its base, west oriented.
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Slo.: islandski lisaj, islandski mah
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Slo.: ? - Syn.: Parmelia pastillifera (Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem., Parmelia tiliacea var. pastillifera (Harm.) Grummann - Habitat: tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of medium and small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Comment: Parmelina pastillifera is a small to middle-size but beautiful and conspicuous lichen. Its rosettes 2-7(10) cm in diameter are characteristic by its light mineral-gray to whitish appearance with blue tint, appressed to substrate lobes with a thin, dark edge and few short cilia. Thallus underside is black (but lighter near the edge) with crowded, simple, black rhizines. The species loves precipitations. So, no wander it feels well in Trenta valley with its about 3.000 mm (120 inches) of rain per year.However, there exists another, more frequent species, Parmelina tiliacea, which is very similar to Parmelina pastillifera. It is practically impossible to distinguish both by habit only. In spite of this, they can be easily separated by observing their isidia (magnifying glass required). Both species have isidia when grown up. Parmelina pastillifera has black, button- or bun-shaped isidia, many of them are stalked. When they break off a small, white scar remains on the thallus surface (Ref.: 2) (see picture 7). On the other side Parmelina tiliacea has dark brown, cylindrical or coralloid isidia. Both species are rather rare and on the Red List at least in Germany (Ref.:5). In this observation many specimens were growing on branches (having 24 cm in diameter) of this tree. All of them were sterile (without apothecia), which is almost always the case.Ref.:(1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 657.(2) V. Wirth, R. Dll, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 74.(3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 665.(4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 305.(5) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 74.(6) http://www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Parmelina_pastillifera.html (accessed Feb. 17. 2018)
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Synonymy: Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti, Imbricaria perlata (Huds.) Krb., Parmelia ciliata (DC.) Nyl., Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach., Parmotrema trichotera (Hue) M. Choisy, Platysma perlatum (Huds.) Frege, - Habitat: dense macchia next to a dirt path; slightly inclined terrain, west aspect; sunny, warm, dry place; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by canopies; average precipitations ~ 900-1000 mm/year, average temperature 13-15 deg C, elevations 100 m (340 feet), sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: Dead Fraxinus ornus branch. Comment: Parmotrema perlatum is a common lichen on island Krk. It prefers branches of Quercus sp. trees; however, the specimen photographed was found on Fraxinus ornus branches and twigs. It is a sensitive species to pollution hence it is much rarer in populated regions of industrialized countries and already regionally extinct in some parts of Europe. Its lobes are thin, very wavy, with abundant soralia and scarce black cilia at the margins. Underside is black with simple rhizines in the center and tan-colored and bare at margins. Apothecia are generally considered very rare; however, this was not the case for this observation. The species has been traditionally used for medical purposes in India as a diuretic and headache relief. It has proven sedative and antibiotic effects (Ref.5). Many specimens have been observed at the place of this observation. Pictures show the lichen in moist state (except picture 1. in dry state). Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 310. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 678. (3) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=1599 (accessed May 19. 2018) (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 662. (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 493.
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Slo.: zlati rjavek - syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen.Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done.Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank.Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Captures: Overgrown/Shown with Xanthoria parietina.Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera)(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(4) http://lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) podobne slike(5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(6) http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera slika(7) http://dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&specie=1149&ita=slo&log1=&log2=&link1=&link2=&banno1=banner_big_siitLichenislo.jpg&banno2=banner_small_siitLichenislo.jpg&des_no=note&lecca=italic slika opis
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Slo.: napihnjena hipogimnija - syn.: Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach., Menegazzia physodes (L.) Navs, - Habitat: mountain pasture with a standalone group of three Larix decidua trees, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; open, sunny, relatively warm place; calcareous colluvial, skeletal ground; partly protected from direct rain precipitations by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: thin dry branch of Larix decidua. Comment: Hypogymnia physodes is one of the most common lichens in the region. In Trenta valley one can find it most often on branches and trunks of conifers, particularly of solitary or in small group standing Larix decidua trees. Sometimes the trees appear grayish from far because of it. It grows almost everywhere on different substrata including trees, rocks, moss, heather stems, etc.. Because it is present almost everywhere and medium sensitive for air pollution, it plays a major role in such studies. It excellently 'measures' air pollution with heavy metals. My pictures show the lichen in almost dry state, however, the Picture 2 shows the same specimen as the Picture 1, but after a rainy day. The color of the lichen changes significantly from bluish to greenish.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 428.(2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 438.(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 192.
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Syn.: Parmelia flaventior Stirt., Parmelia kernstockii Lynge & Zahlbr. - Habitat: former mountain pastures with scattered trees and bushes; slightly inclined terrain, south aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; full sun, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium to small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Flavopunctelia flaventior is a beautiful lichen, which seems to be quite rare in Slovenia. According to Ogris (2018) Ref.: 6 there are only three UTM squares known in the country where it has been found and registered. None of these finds lay in Alpine phytogeographical region of the country. However, GBIF- Austria, Ref.: 8 states a find in Bavica valley, which is in Alpine region and not far from this observation. The lichen is also rare in the region directly west of Posoje in NE Italy Ref.: 5 and also in Germany (Ref.: 7 and Ref.:1). It is interesting that this species appears more and more frequent during last few decades according to Ref.:1. - Flavopunctelia flaventior can be recognized by slightly wrinkled upper surface od lobes with white, faintly reticulated pseudocyphellae and numerous, laminal and marginal soralia. Lower surface is dark in the thallus center with dark, short, simple rhizines and much lighter in color and without rhizines at the thallus margins. Only two specimens have been found on this tree. - Ref.:(1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 647.(2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 317.(3) https://www.thm.de/lse/fachbereich/team/professoren/singlearticle/13-94-Kirschbaum/212-x.html (accessed March 27. 2018)(4) http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichensC/flavopunctelia_flaventior.html (accessed March 29. 2018)(5) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=989 (accessed March 29. 2018)(6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 29. 2018)(7) http://www.flechten-deutschland.de/organismen/flavopunctelia-flaventior-stirt-hale#prettyPhoto (accessed March 29. 2018)(8) http://www.gbif.at/ms/gbif/gbif/gbif_datenportal/gibf_suchearten/ (accessed March 29. 2018)(9) U. Suppan, J. Prugger, H. Mayrhofer, Lichen biodiversity in Slovenia, Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia, http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed March 29. 2018)