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Amaranthus caudatus L.

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While reported as naturalized in some states, most specimens identified as Amaranthus caudatus are referable to A. hybridus or other native species. Amaranthus caudatus is one of the most popular domesticated amaranths and is cultivated primarily as an ornamental, and, to a lesser degree, as a pseudocereal. Plants of A. caudatus may occur locally, usually close to places of cultivation and mostly in the southern regions of the flora. No reliable records of their successful naturalization are available. It is impossible at present to trace records of such ephemeral populations and individual escapes; maps and detailed distribution statements for cultivated species of amaranths are not presented here.

The origin of Amaranthus caudatus remains uncertain. It is generally believed that it originated in South America or Central America from some unspecified wild race of the A. hybridus aggregate, probably South American A. quitensis Kunth. At least some cultivated forms and strains of A. caudatus probably developed with some degree of hybridization with other cultivated species. Numerous infraspecific entities that are mostly of horticultural importance have been described within A. caudatus. Forms with erect and robust club-shaped inflorescences have been recognized as A. mantegazzianus.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 405, 411, 415, 420, 421, 423, 424 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Annual herb, erect, up to c. 1.5 m in height, commonly reddish or purplish throughout. Stem rather stout, not or sparingly branched, glabrous or thinly furnished with rather long, multicellular hairs which are increasingly numerous upwards. Leaves glabrous, or ± sparingly pilose along the margins and lower surface of the primary venation, long-petiolate (petiole to c. 8 cm but not longer than the lamina), lamina broadly ovate to rhomboid-ovate or ovate-elliptic, 2.5-15 x 1-8 cm, obtuse to subacute at the mucronulate tip, shortly cuneate to attenuate below. Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes formed of increasingly approximated cymose clusters, the terminal inflorescence varying from a single, elongate, tail-like, pendulous spike, to 30 cm or more long and c. 1.5 cm wide, to a panicle with the ultimate spike so formed; male and female flowers intermixed throughout the spikes. Bracts and bracteoles deltoid-ovate, pale-membranous, acuminate and with a long, pale or reddish, rigid, erect arista formed by the yellow-green or reddish stout, excurrent midrib, the longest up to twice as long as the perianth. Perianth segments 5; those of the male flowers oblong-elliptic, 2.5-3.5 mm, acute, aristate; those of the female flowers 1.75-2.5 mm, broadly obovate to spathulate, distinctly imbricate, abruptly narrowed to a blunt or sometimes faintly emarginate, mucronate tip. Stigmas 3, c. 0.75 mm, erect or flexuose. Capsule 2-2.5 mm, ovoid-globose, circumscissile, slightly urceolate, the lid smooth or furrowed below, abruptly narrowed to a short, thick neck. Seeds shining, compressed, black, almost smooth, or commonly subspherical with a thick yellowish margin and a translucent centre, c. 0.75-1.25 mm.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 10 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Description

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Plants moderately pubescent distally, becoming glabrescent at maturity. Stems erect, usually green, moderately branched, rarely nearly simple, 0.5-1.5(-2.5) m. Leaves: petiole shorter than to equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate, ovate, or elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 5-15(-20) × 2-10 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, apex acute to subobtuse, with mucro. Inflorescences terminal, drooping or nodding, usually red, purple, or white, less commonly green, silvery green, or yellow, usually much-branched at base, leafless at least distally, very large and robust. Bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear, equaling or subequal to tepals, not exceeding style branches, apex acuminate with excurrent midrib. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, spatulate-obovate or lanceolate-obovate, not clawed, subequal, (1-)1.5-2(-2.5) mm, membranaceous, apex obtuse, slightly emarginate, or subacute with mucro; style branches spreading or reflexed; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers mostly at tips of inflorescences; tepals (4-)5; stamens 5. Utricles broadly ovoid to subglobose, 1.5-2(-2.5) mm, ± equaling tepals, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds dark brown to brownish black or reddish brown, yellowish white, or ivory, lenticular to subglobose, 1-1.2(-1.5) mm diam., smooth or indistinctly punctate.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 405, 411, 415, 420, 421, 423, 424 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Description

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Stem erect, green, ca. 1.5 m tall, strong, angular, slightly branched or not, glabrous when mature. Petiole green, 1-15 cm, pilose; leaf blade green or red, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, 4-15 × 2-8 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate or obtuse. Complex thyrsoid structures terminal, pendulous, much branched, composed of many spikes. Bracts red, lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, transparent, with a midvein abaxially, apex apiculate. Tepals red, shorter than fruit, 2-2.5 mm, transparent, overlapping at margins, with a midvein; male segments oblong; female segments oblong-lanceolate. Stamens 5; stigmas 3, shorter than 1 mm. Utricles red above, subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam., longer than perianth, circumscissile. Seeds light yellowish brown, subglobose. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 32*, 64.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 5: 418 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Distribution

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Widely cultivated, country of origin uncertain.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Distribution

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Distribution: Quite unknown in the wild state; it has been postulated by Sauer [Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn. 54: 127 (1967)] that it is a cultigen derived from the American Amaranthus quitensis Kunth. Widely cultivated in most parts of the world as a garden ornamental, and in some regions (e.g. Nepal) as a grain crop. Common in summer gardens in Pakistan.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 10 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Elevation Range

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1000-2300 m
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
author
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
project
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Habitat & Distribution

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Flowering summer-fall. Rarely occurs as escapes, persisting near the places of cultivation; introduced; Calif., Conn., Del., Ill., Kans., Maine, Mass., Mich., Mo., N.Y., Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Wis.; Central America; South America; cultivated elsewhere except cold-temperate, subarctic, and arctic zones.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 405, 411, 415, 420, 421, 423, 424 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution

provided by eFloras
Widely cultivated. in China [native to neotropics; cultivated worldwide].
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 5: 418 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Amaranthus caudatus ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Amaranthus caudatus (comúnmente llamada en Perú kiwicha, quihuicha pola so etimoloxía en quechua: kiwicha, o amaranto nel restu de Llatinoamérica) ye una planta de la familia de les amarantacees de rápida crecedera, con fueyes, tarmos y flores moraos, colloraos y doraos. "El nome Amaranthus provién del griegu “ảμápavτvos” que significa siempreviva, refiriéndose a les bráctees de la inflorescencia que nun s'amostalguen" (Güertes & Camargo, 1976, citáu por Agudelo-H, 2008).[2]

"
Inflorescencia
"
Detalle de la planta

Descripción

El tarmu central puede algamar de 2 a 2,5 m d'altor nel maduror, a pesar de que delles variedaes son más pequeñes. Les cañes de forma cilíndrica, pueden empezar tan embaxo como la base de la planta dependiendo de la variedá d'ésta. El raigañu principal ye curtia y les secundaries diríxense escontra baxo, dientro del suelu. Les sos vistoses flores broten del tarmu principal, en dellos casos les inflorescencies lleguen a midir 90 cm.

La planta afaise fácilmente a munchos ambientes distintos, tien un tipu eficiente de fotosíntesis (C4), crez rápido y nun riquir enforma caltenimientu. Desenvolver a una altitú ente los 1.400 y los 2.400 msnm.

Distribución y hábitat

Otros tipos d'Amaranthus distribuyir de manera natural pel sur de Rusia (delta del Volga), Cercanu Oriente (Azerbaixán, Irán), Siberia oriental, China, Paquistán, Bután, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Xapón, Corea, Taiwán, Myanmar, Tailandia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malasia, Filipines, Nueva Guinea y Australia; foi introducida n'Estaos Xuníos y ta naturalizada en parte del sur d'Europa (Rumanía) y nordeste d'África (Exiptu) dende tiempos antiguos, onde se cultiva poles sos granes comestibles, l'afamada "faba aegyptiaca" de los romanos. Tamién se comen los rizomas.
La kiwicha crez nes rexones baxes y altes de Colombia,[3] Perú, Ecuador, Bolivia y Arxentina. Alredor de 1.200 variedaes entá se caltienen nos Andes.

Orixe

El Amaranthus caudatus foi atopáu al llau de tumbes andines de más de cuatro mil años d'antigüedá nel actual Perú (citar fonte). Anque ye considerada un cultivu rústicu, envalórase que foi totalmente adomada dende fai milenios.

Esta planta, nun siendo tan conocida, desempeñó un papel bien importante pa los Incas y formaba parte de la dieta diaria del incanato.

Usos

Cola farina del granu de kiwicha fáense pan ácimo, tortielles y chapatís. La farina del granu enteru o turráu ye utilizada como cebera pal almuerzu, para panes y paninos.

Composición y valor nutricional

Les granes contienen d'un 13 a un 18% de proteínes y un altu nivel de leucina, aminoácidu esencial pa la nutrición. El granu de kiwicha tien un conteníu de calciu, fósforu, fierro, potasiu, cinc, vitamina E y complexu de vitamina B. La so fibra, comparada cola del trigu y otres ceberes ye bien fina y nidia. Nun ye necesariu dixebrala de la farina; ye más, xuntes constitúin una gran fonte d'enerxía.

Valor alimenticiu de la kiwicha comparáu con otros alimentos:

Alimento/Composición proteína % leucina % carbohidratos (g/100g) calciu (mg/100 g) fierro (mg/100g) fósforu (mg/100g) kiwicha 14.0 0.85 65 236 10.0 455 Granu 9.0 0.25 74 20 1.8 256 Centenu 13.0 0.40 73 38 2.6 376 Alforfón 12.0 0.58 72 33 2.8 282 Arroz 7.0 0.27 77 32 1.6 360 Lleche 3.5 0.49 5 118 -- 93 Soya 36.49 3.31 30 277 15.7 704

La kiwicha llamó l'atención de la NASA polos sos grandes propiedaes nutricionales, polo cual incluyó-ylo na dieta de los astronautes.

Crecedera de la producción

El Amaranthus caudatus ye cada vegada más popular nos Andes, y pasu ente pasu la so esportación ta creciendo sostenidamente.

"
Fueyes
"
Vista de la planta

Discutiniu

Anguaño'l amaranto inca o kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) ta convirtiéndose nun problema pa cultivos como'l de la soya, por cuenta de que esta especie de amaranto ye altamente resistente a yerbicíes como'l glifosato. Estes resistencies podríen provenir del encruz de xenes ente esta planta y la soya modificada genéticamente. Los intereses de grandes compañíes nel cultivu de soya trexénica tán convirtiendo un alimentu bien rico nuna meruxa a güeyos de la industria alimenticio.[4]

Taxonomía

Amaranthus caudatus foi descritu por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 990. 1753.[5]

Etimoloxía

Amaranthus: nome xenéricu que procede del griegu amaranthos, que significa "flor que nun s'amostalga".[6]

caudatus: epítetu llatín que significa "con cola".[7]

Sinonimia
  • Amaranthus abyssinicus L.H.Bailey
  • Amaranthus alopecurus Hochst. ex A.Br. & C.D.Bouché
  • Amaranthus cararu Moq.
  • Amaranthus caudatus var. albiflorus Moq.
  • Amaranthus caudatus var. alopecurus Moq.
  • Amaranthus caudatus subsp. mantegazzianus (Pass.) Hanelt
  • Amaranthus caudatus var. maximus (Mill.) Moq.
  • Amaranthus caudatus subsp. saueri
  • Amaranthus edulis Speg.
  • Amaranthus edulis var. spadiceus Hunz.
  • Amaranthus mantegazzianus Pass.
  • Amaranthus maximus Mill.
  • Amaranthus pendulinus Moq.
  • Amaranthus pendulus Moq.
  • Euxolus arvensis Rojas Acosta[8]

Nomes comunes

  • Aimara: Kiwicha, amarantu, trigu inka, achis, achita, chaquilla, sangoracha, borlas
  • Quechua: Kiwicha, inka hakatu, ataku, sankurachi, hawarcha (Ecuador), millmi, quymi
  • Nota: el nome kiwicha tamién suel aplicáse-y a otra planta comestible qu'espolleta naturalmente nes mesmes rexones, Chenopodium quinoa.
  • Español: Quihuicha, Chenille, Cresta de gallu, Rabu de gatu, Rabu de monu

Referencies

  1. Sinónimos en Catalogue of life [1]
  2. Agudelo-H, Carlos Alberto. «Flora de Colombia. Amaranthaceae». Herbario HUQ, Universidá del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia. Monografía Non. 23. http://www.ciencias.unal.edu.co/unciencias/data-file/user_16/file/floracol/fdc023.pdf. Consultáu 'l 31 de xunetu de 2014.
  3. Agudelo, Carlos A.. «Flora de Colombia. Monografía Non. 23. Amaranthaceae» (castellanu). Consultáu'l 31 de xunetu de 2014. «Herbario HUQ, Universidá del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia. 2008»
  4. http://www.globalproject.info/it/mondi/La-natura-colpisce-ancora-Amaranto-Inca-divora-OGM-della-Monsanto/7688
  5. «Amaranthus caudatus». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 21 d'ochobre de 2012.
  6. Amaranthus en Flora de Canaries
  7. n'Epítetos Botánicos
  8. Amaranthus caudatus en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. AFPD. 2008. African Flowering Plants Database - Base de Donnees des Plantes a Fleurs D'Afrique.
  2. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  3. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2003. Fl. China 5: 1–506. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. 4: i–xxiv, 1–559. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
  5. Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Llista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
  6. Funk, V. A., P. Y. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazones, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. O.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584.
  7. Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Caleyes Posada & M. Merello. 2011. Flora de Antioquia. Catálogu de les Plantes Vasculares, vol. 2. Llistáu de les Plantes Vasculares del Departamentu de Antioquia. Pp. 1-939.
  8. Nasir, Y. & S. I. Ali (eds). 1980-2005. Fl. Pakistan Univ. of Karachi, Karachi.
  9. ORSTOM. 1988. List Vasc. Pl. Gabon Herbier National du Gabon, Yaounde.

Enllaces esternos

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Amaranthus caudatus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Amaranthus caudatus

Amaranthus caudatus (comúnmente llamada en Perú kiwicha, quihuicha pola so etimoloxía en quechua: kiwicha, o amaranto nel restu de Llatinoamérica) ye una planta de la familia de les amarantacees de rápida crecedera, con fueyes, tarmos y flores moraos, colloraos y doraos. "El nome Amaranthus provién del griegu “ảμápavτvos” que significa siempreviva, refiriéndose a les bráctees de la inflorescencia que nun s'amostalguen" (Güertes & Camargo, 1976, citáu por Agudelo-H, 2008).

" Inflorescencia " Detalle de la planta
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
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wikipedia AST