Palythoa mizigama Irei, Sinniger & Reimer 2015

Figure 1.Sampling locations of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. specimens. a Okinawa Island b Tokashiki Island c Yaeyama Islands d Lyudao (Green Island) e Kenting f Poindimié. Palythoa mizigama was found from Ryukyu Archipelago, Taiwan and New Caledonia (a, b, c, e, f), while Palythoa umbrosa was found from the Yaeyama Islands and Taiwan (c, d).

Figure 2.In situ images of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. a Palythoa mizigama; single radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on September 28, 2009, at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b Palythoa mizigama; several radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by J. Reimer on April 22, 2010, at Mizugama c Palythoa mizigama; with no radial lines on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on April 12, 2009, at Mizugama d Palythoa mizigama; closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on June 16, 2009, at Mizugama e Palythoa umbrosa (TW_18); closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on November 2, 2009, at Lyudao, Taiwan f Palythoa umbrosa (IRI_TF2); closed polyps. Image taken by T. Fujii on November 9, 2012, at Sotobanari Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan.

Figure 3.Palythoa mizigama sp. n. after fixation in 70–99.5% ethanol (a, c) or 4–10% SW formalin (b, d). a MIZ_33; closed polyps. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on May 13, 2008 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b MIZ_071110_2; close up of a partially open polyp. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on November 7, 2010 at Mizugama c MIZ_33; tentacles (isolated). Horizontal black stripes visible. Scale bar=0.25 cm d MIZ_260910; close up image of a longitudinal section. Tentacles visible with faint stripes. Note the column wall densely incrusted with sand grains. Scale bar=0.25 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on September 26, 2010 at Mizugama. All images taken through stereomicroscope.

Figure 4.Dominant cnidae types of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. tissue. a spirocyst b basitrich, and c p-mastigophore d holotrich. Scale bar shows 10–40 μm.

Figure 5.Longitudinal section of a reproductive polyp of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. Collected on Aug. 19, 2010 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan. a spermaries b ovaries. Scale bar=0.5 cm.

Figure 7.Maximum likelihood tree based on internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA for family Sphenopidae. Numbers on nodes represent ML and neighbor-joining (NJ) bootstrap values (>65% are shown). Thick branches indicate high supports of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95). Sequences obtained from GenBank are shown with accession numbers.

Figure 8.Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA for family Sphenopidae. Numbers on nodes represent ML and neighbor-joining (NJ) bootstrap values (>50% are shown). Thick branches indicate high supports of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95). Sequences obtained from GenBank are shown with accession numbers.

Figure 9.Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene for family Sphenopidae. Numbers on nodes represent ML and neighbor-joining (NJ) bootstrap values (>50% are shown). Thick branches indicate high supports of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95). Sequences obtained from GenBank are shown with accession numbers.