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Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch, syn.: Erythraea tenuiflora, Erythraea latifolia auct., non Sm.Slender Centaury, DE: Tausendgldenkraut, CR: njenocvjetna kiicaSlo.: ozkocvetna taventroaDat.: June 22. 2010Lat.: 44.39193 Long.: 14.79848Code: Bot_431/2010_DSC2846Habitat: sea shore, flat terrain, partly grassland; calcareous, skeletal, humid ground; full sun; exposed to direct rain; elevation 10 m (33 feet); average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 13-15 deg C, Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.Place: Adriatic Sea; Island Olib, 'Slatina' beach, Kvarner bay, Rijeka region, Croatia EC.Comment: Centaurium tenuiflorum is a typical Mediterranean plant, which is quite common along sea shores of Adriatic islands. Otherwise the plant grows in the entire Mediterranean. It requires humid ground. So, it is often found close to sea on marshy ground, near springs and half salt lakes, which often form in small bays along the law land coast.There are several other quite similar species in this genus growing in Mediterranean. Typical traits of Centaurium tenuiflorum are clustered, flat-topped flowers, which have short flower stalks and narrow calyx tube of only about 1 mm diameter. Also there are no ground rosettes leaves. Two ground leaves are almost completely withered at the time of flowering. The pictures were taken on the island Olib in Croatia, but the plant can be (still) found along Slovenian sea shore. It is rare there and considered critically endangered facing extinction in Slovenia.Protected according to: Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroenih rastlinskih in ivalskih vrst v rdei seznam, Uradni list RS, t. 82/2002 (Regulation of enlisting of endangered plant and animal species onto Red List, Official Gazette of Republic Slovenia, no. 82/2002) (2002). Enlisted in the Slovene Red List of rare and endangered species, marked by "E" representing a critically endangered species.Ref.:(1) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 506. (2) I. Schnfelder, P. Schnfelder, Was blht am Mittelmeer? Kosmos (2000), p 171.(3) M. Blamey, C. Grey-Wilson, Wild Flowers of the Mediterranean, A & C Black, London (2005), p 176.(4) R. Domac, Flora Hrvatske (Flora of Croatia) (in Croatian), kolska Knjiga, Zagreb (1994), p 306.
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field image of Gentiana andrewsii BOTTLE GENTIAN at the James Woodworth Prairie Preserve - a lone specimen at bloom
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Gentiana verna ssp. verna L., syn: Gentiana verna ssp. alataSpring Gentian, DE: Frlings-EnzianSlo.: spomladanski svi, spomladanski zaspanekDat.: May 11. 2015 Lat.: 46.43825 Long.: 13.6339Code: Bot_874/2015_DSC6462, elevation 1.800 m (5.900 feet),File names: from Gentiana-verna_raw_10 to Gentiana-verne_raw_15.andDat.: June 13. 2012Lat.: 46.43707 Long.: 13.63877, elevation 1.840 m (6.000 feet),Code: Bot_629/2012_IMG9735File names: from Gentiana-verna_raw_20 to Gentiana-verne_raw_21.Habitat: stony grassland, near road side, full sun; dry, calcareous ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 1 - 3 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: nutrients poor soil.Place: Mt. Mangart region, Mangart's flats, along the Mt. Mangart's alpine road, beneath and above the last tunnel, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Gentiana verna is probably the most common and well known spring time species of this large, varied and beautiful genus. It grows mainly on nutrients poor grassland, largely at low elevations. However, it quite often climbs up to subalpine, sometimes even to alpine elevations. Here it can be easily falsely recognized as some other similar alpine species like Gentiana bavarica, Gentiana nivalis, Gentiana terglouensis, Gentiana favratii (syn.: G. orbicularis) or Gentiana pumila. All of these have beautiful, strikingly blue flowers of similar shape. Its best recognition trait are the lowest leaves, which are grouped in ground rosette (a more or less dense radiating cluster of leaves at the ground). The leaves are tapering to (not too) sharp pointed apex, have a distinct middle nerve and are up to 2 cm long. The lowest few rosette leaves (sometimes only one or two!) are significantly larger than other leaves - in average about twice as large, and are often hidden under surrounding greenery (look carefully at picture 10.). The second easy recognised discriminating parameter is presence of sterile rosettes (stems without flowers), which indicates a perennial plant and thus separates it from Gentiana nivalis, which is an annual plant. Ref.:(1) Rothmaler 3, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 11. Aufl., Elsevier, Spectrum (2007), p 391. (2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije, Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007) (in Slovene), p 506. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 18.(4) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora sterreich Liechtenstein, Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 695.
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2012-03-09 Lower Austria, district Mdling - Perchtoldsdorfer Heide (310 msm Quadrant 7863/4).German name: sterreich-KranzenzianLast year's growth of this biannual plant.
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Gentiana clusii Perr. & Song., syn.: Gentiana clusii ssp.undulatifoliaTrumpet Gentian, DE: Clusius' Enzian, Kalk-Glocken-EnzianSlo.: Cluzijev sviDat.: July 2. 2014Lat.: 46.43901 Long.: 13.64296Code: Bot_807/2014-DSC1435Habitat: alpine grassland, south inclined moderate mountain slope, calcareous, skeletal, shallow ground; sunny and dry place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C,elevation 1.985 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: skeletal calcareous soil.Place: Mt. Mangart's flats, somewhat below the beginning of terminal loop of Mt. Mangart alpine road, west of the top of Mt. Mangart, 2.679 m (8.790 feet), East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Gentiana clusii is probably the second on list of the best known and most popular alpine flowers not much left 'behind' Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum). Pictures of its beautiful and large (particularly compared to the leaves!) flowers have been used on countless products, from chocolates to toilet tissues, adds, signs, logos, etc., etc. Hundreds of millions of people have seen it printed, stylized, projected, but much less have had a real encounter with this mountain miracle.Gentiana clusii is a common species in Slovenian Alps growing from lower montane elevations (the lowest stand I know in my region is at good 500 m elevation) up to alpine zone. It inhabits almost whole Alps and all surrounding mountain groups, but it stays on European ground.Although I have seen and photographed Gentiana clusii many times, this group was extraordinary beautiful and magnanimous. About forty densely packed large flowers were there growing in three close groups, almost all of them in perfect shape. A true delight for everybody and particularly for a photographer. Another 'king of the Alps'! Genus name of Gentiana clusii origins from Latin name of its brother Gentiana lutea, a highly efficient medical plant (also my personal experience), which Plinius named after the last Illyria king of Skodra about a century BC. The white flowers shown on some of the pictures are Dryas octopetala and Aster bellidiastrum. Salix herbacea, Miosotis alpestris and Helianthemum nummularium can also be spotted.Protected according to 'Uredba o zavarovanih prosto iveih rastlinskih vrstah'Ur.l. RS, t. 46/2004 (Regulation on protected wild plants, Official gazette of Republic of Slovenia, No. 46/2004). Gentiana clusii is enlisted in the Slovene Red List of rare and endangered species. It was marked by "V" representing a vulnerable species, but is now re-categorized to mark "O1" representing a potentially endangered species.Ref.:(1) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 16.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije, Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007) (in Slovene), p 508. (3) M.A.Fischer, W.Adler, K.Oswald, Exkursionsflora sterreich Liechtenstein, Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 694.(4) H.Genaust, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen, Nikol Verlag (2012), p264.
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2011-07-29 Lower Austria, district Bruck/Leitha - Fischawiesen (170 msm Quadrant 7965/3).
See remarks here.
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Jason Sharp;Manatee County, Florida
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Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. subsp. perfoliata, syn.: Chlora perfoliata (L.) L.,Gentiana perfoliata L.Family: Gentianaceae Juss.EN: Yellow-wort, DE: Durchwachsenblttriger BitterlingSlo.: preraslolistna grenicaDate: May 16. 2007Lat.: 44.37275 Long.: 14.78353, asl 35 mCode: Bot_0187/2007_DSC7590Picture file names: from Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata_raw_10 to Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata_raw_13.Place: Adriatic Sea, island Olib, south of village Olib, near the beginning of the path to Juna Slatina bay, Zadar archipelago, Croatia EC. Habitat: Garrigue, abandoned fields, old, mostly abandoned olive groves, road sides and semiruderal ground; flat terrain, calcareous ground, open, sunny, dry places; elevation from 3 to 50 m; average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 13-15 deg C, Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: red karst soil.Comment (pertains to pictures in the Flickr album Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata): Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata is a small but interesting plant of Mediterranean region. However, it spreads also in Central European countries as well as in UK. In Slovenia one can find it almost exclusively in its warmest parts near the Adriatic coast. The plant has interesting leaves. Two opposite, grayish- or bluish-green upper stem leaves are completely fused together at the base, so it appears the stalk is growing through a single leaf. Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata's sister taxon Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina is very similar but their upper stem leaves are much less distinctively fused together and also have three (albeit often hardly to see) leaf veins instead of a single, central one as with Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata.The name given to the taxon is after English pharmacist and botanist John Blackstone who lived in 18. century.Ref.:(1) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 505. (2) M. Blamey, C. Grey-Wilson, Wild Flowers of the Mediterranean, A & C Black, London (2005), p 175.(3) I. Schnfelder, P. Schnfelder, Kosmos Atlas Mittelmeer- und Kanarenflora, Kosmos, (2002), p 63.(4) N. Jogan (ed.), Gradivo za Atlas flore Slovenije (Materials for the Atlas of Flora of Slovenia), CKSF (2001), p 152.
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Singapore, North East, Singapore
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Centaurium erythraea Rafn, syn: Centaurium umbellatum Gilib., Centaurium minus Moench, Erythraea centauriumCommon Centaury, DE: xxxSlo.: tauentroaDat.: May 15. 2007Lat.: 46.38241 Long.: 14.77701Code: Bot_187/2007_DSC7509Habitat: near sea shore, flat terrain, partly grassland; calcareous, skeletal, humid ground; full sun; exposed to direct rain; elevation 4 m (13 feet); average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 13-15 deg C, Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Place: Adriatic Sea region; Island Olib, near graveyard of the village Olib, next to the main port, Kvarner bay, Rijeka region, Croatia EC.Comment: This originally European southern-temperate plant is widely naturalized also outside its native range. It frequently grows on disturbed places and on a wide range of habitats like chalk and limestone grassland, open woodland and scrub, dry grassland, quarries, spoil-heaps and road sides. It is a well known, thousand years old medical plant and one of the most bitter herbs at all. It strengthens digestive function by increasing stomach secretions. The whole herb is appetizer, aromatic, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, febrifuge, hepatic, stomachic and tonic. However, there are no scientific clinical studies made on people about it. Nevertheless, its effectiveness on (at least) digestion is evident even without them.Ref.:(1) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 6.(2) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 700.(3) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 506. (4) K. Lauber and G. Wagner, Flora Helvetica, 5. Auflage, Haupt (2012), p 740.(5)
www.iucnredlist.org/details/202950/0
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Jason Sharp;Hillsborough County, Florida
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Cesuna, Veneto, Italy
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Gentiana nivalisAlpine GentianSlo.:sneni sviDat.: Aug. 05. 2013Lat.: 46.44299 Long.: 13.64556Code: Bot_739/2013_DSC7405andDat.: Aug. 22. 2013Lat.: 46.44187 Long.: 13.64443Code: Bot_745/2013_DSC7575Habitat: Upland grass land, among large calcareous boulders, modestly eastward inclined terrain, full sun, exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 1-3 deg C, elevation 1.970 m (6.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Mt. Mangarts flats, west of the largest snow valley on Mangarts flats, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComment: Growing solitary, several scattered plants found. This is one of our most tendedhigh-mountainsGentian, which can climb in the Alps nearly up to 3.000 m (10.000 feet) elevation. The plant is widely distributed but not common. It is under law protection in neighboring Austria, but not in Slovenia. Snow Gentian is usualy about 5 to 15 cm (2-6 inch) high, but sometimes dwarf plants can be found as shown on the photo #14. This plant was only about 2.5 cm (one inch) tall.Ref.:(1)O.Angerer and T. Muer, Alpenpflanzen, Ulmer, Stuttgart(2004), p257(2) M.A.Fischer, W.Adler, K.Oswald, ExkursionsfloraOesterreich Liechtenstein, Suedtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 693.(3) A.Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije, Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 509. (4) K.Lauber and G.Wagner, Flora Helvetica, 5. Auflage, Haupt (2012), p 1417.
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Gentianella pilosa (Wettst.) Holub, syn.: Gentiana pilosa Wettst.Chiltern Gentian, Dwarfgentian, Haar-KranzenzianSlo.: dlakavi svievecDat.: Oct. 02. 2015Lat.: 46.36478 Long.: 13.71987Code: Bot_916/2015_DSC9170Habitat: pasture grazed by sheep, flat terrain, next to river bank; alluvial, calcareous, shallow soil ground, sunny place, high air humidity; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa very close to the river bed, between villages Soa and Trenta, Bovec basin, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Gentianella pilosa is a quite rare, sub-endemic plant of Slovenia. It grows only in Slovenian, south most Austrian and west most Italian Alps. Good decade ago Ref.: 5 knew only a single place in the state where it grew. However in the last decade several other locations have been found. Apart of the southeast Alps, the plant can be found in Dinaric Mountains. Gentianella pilosa can be distinguished from several other species of this quite messy and difficult for determination genus by its long and narrow calyx lobes (1.5 - 3 x longer than calyx tube!), acute sinus (the cleft between two neighboring lobes is tapering with more or less straight sides, not rounded) and distinctly papillate (having nipple-like projections) edges as well as (a decisive trait!) middle rib of the calyx lobes. The plants photographed in this observation are unusually small, not taller than 5 cm, while their normal height would be from 10 to 35 cm (Ref.:2). Apparently they accommodated to local conditions. The place is grazed by sheep, which keeps all vegetation low. On Fig.26 (bottom, mid-left) one can see a plant which was obviously grazed off with only two flowering stalks left.Plants were growing scattered; several tens of them were in (late) bloom.Ref.:(1) J. Greimler, Revision of Gentianella austriaca s.l. and G. rhaetica in Slovenia, Hladnikia, (2010), Vol. 25, pp 3-12. (2) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 698.(3) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p xx. (4) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 28.(5) N. Jogan (ed.), Gradivo za Atlas flore Slovenije (Materials for the Atlas of Flora of Slovenia), CKSF (2001) (in Slovenian), p 178.
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Christmas, Florida, United States
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With two petals and a sepal removed.
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Christmas, Florida, United States
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