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Central Singapore, Singapore
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Charcos, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
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image of Gentiana andrewsii BOTTLE GENTIAN at the James Woodworth Prairie Preserve - stem and leaf detail
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Pambak Mountains, Armenia
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Gentiana verna ssp. verna L., syn: Gentiana verna ssp. alataSpring Gentian, DE: Frlings-EnzianSlo.: spomladanski svi, spomladanski zaspanekDat.: May 11. 2015 Lat.: 46.43825 Long.: 13.6339Code: Bot_874/2015_DSC6462, elevation 1.800 m (5.900 feet),File names: from Gentiana-verna_raw_10 to Gentiana-verne_raw_15.andDat.: June 13. 2012Lat.: 46.43707 Long.: 13.63877, elevation 1.840 m (6.000 feet),Code: Bot_629/2012_IMG9735File names: from Gentiana-verna_raw_20 to Gentiana-verne_raw_21.Habitat: stony grassland, near road side, full sun; dry, calcareous ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 1 - 3 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: nutrients poor soil.Place: Mt. Mangart region, Mangart's flats, along the Mt. Mangart's alpine road, beneath and above the last tunnel, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Gentiana verna is probably the most common and well known spring time species of this large, varied and beautiful genus. It grows mainly on nutrients poor grassland, largely at low elevations. However, it quite often climbs up to subalpine, sometimes even to alpine elevations. Here it can be easily falsely recognized as some other similar alpine species like Gentiana bavarica, Gentiana nivalis, Gentiana terglouensis, Gentiana favratii (syn.: G. orbicularis) or Gentiana pumila. All of these have beautiful, strikingly blue flowers of similar shape. Its best recognition trait are the lowest leaves, which are grouped in ground rosette (a more or less dense radiating cluster of leaves at the ground). The leaves are tapering to (not too) sharp pointed apex, have a distinct middle nerve and are up to 2 cm long. The lowest few rosette leaves (sometimes only one or two!) are significantly larger than other leaves - in average about twice as large, and are often hidden under surrounding greenery (look carefully at picture 10.). The second easy recognised discriminating parameter is presence of sterile rosettes (stems without flowers), which indicates a perennial plant and thus separates it from Gentiana nivalis, which is an annual plant. Ref.:(1) Rothmaler 3, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 11. Aufl., Elsevier, Spectrum (2007), p 391. (2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije, Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007) (in Slovene), p 506. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 18.(4) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora sterreich Liechtenstein, Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 695.
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July 25th, 2016 - Julington Durbin Creek Preserve
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2011-03-05 Lower Austria, district Mdling (310 msm Quadrant 7863/4).Fruit.German name: sterreich-Kranzenzian
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Gentiana clusii Perr. & Song., syn.: Gentiana clusii ssp.undulatifoliaTrumpet Gentian, DE: Clusius' Enzian, Kalk-Glocken-EnzianSlo.: Cluzijev sviDat.: July 2. 2014Lat.: 46.43901 Long.: 13.64296Code: Bot_807/2014-DSC1435Habitat: alpine grassland, south inclined moderate mountain slope, calcareous, skeletal, shallow ground; sunny and dry place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C,elevation 1.985 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: skeletal calcareous soil.Place: Mt. Mangart's flats, somewhat below the beginning of terminal loop of Mt. Mangart alpine road, west of the top of Mt. Mangart, 2.679 m (8.790 feet), East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Gentiana clusii is probably the second on list of the best known and most popular alpine flowers not much left 'behind' Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum). Pictures of its beautiful and large (particularly compared to the leaves!) flowers have been used on countless products, from chocolates to toilet tissues, adds, signs, logos, etc., etc. Hundreds of millions of people have seen it printed, stylized, projected, but much less have had a real encounter with this mountain miracle.Gentiana clusii is a common species in Slovenian Alps growing from lower montane elevations (the lowest stand I know in my region is at good 500 m elevation) up to alpine zone. It inhabits almost whole Alps and all surrounding mountain groups, but it stays on European ground.Although I have seen and photographed Gentiana clusii many times, this group was extraordinary beautiful and magnanimous. About forty densely packed large flowers were there growing in three close groups, almost all of them in perfect shape. A true delight for everybody and particularly for a photographer. Another 'king of the Alps'! Genus name of Gentiana clusii origins from Latin name of its brother Gentiana lutea, a highly efficient medical plant (also my personal experience), which Plinius named after the last Illyria king of Skodra about a century BC. The white flowers shown on some of the pictures are Dryas octopetala and Aster bellidiastrum. Salix herbacea, Miosotis alpestris and Helianthemum nummularium can also be spotted.Protected according to 'Uredba o zavarovanih prosto iveih rastlinskih vrstah'Ur.l. RS, t. 46/2004 (Regulation on protected wild plants, Official gazette of Republic of Slovenia, No. 46/2004). Gentiana clusii is enlisted in the Slovene Red List of rare and endangered species. It was marked by "V" representing a vulnerable species, but is now re-categorized to mark "O1" representing a potentially endangered species.Ref.:(1) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 16.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije, Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007) (in Slovene), p 508. (3) M.A.Fischer, W.Adler, K.Oswald, Exkursionsflora sterreich Liechtenstein, Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 694.(4) H.Genaust, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen, Nikol Verlag (2012), p264.
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Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Florida, United States
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Gentianella anisodonta (Borbas) Lve & Lve ssp. calycina (Koch) Lve & Lve, syn.: Gentiana obtusifolia Willd. var. calycina Koch, Gentiana anisodonta Borbas ssp. calycina (Koch) HayekDolomitian Gentian, DE.: Kelh-KranzenzianSlo.: aasti svievecDat.: Aug. 1. 2015Lat.: 46.44194 Long.: 13.63686Code: Bot_906/2015_DSC8234Picture file names: from Gentianella-anisodonta-ssp-calycina_raw_30 to Gentianella-anisodonta-ssp-calycina_raw_35.Habitat: Steep grassland, southeast aspect; skeletal, calcareous ground; open place, full sun, exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature about 0 deg C, elevation 2.030 m (6.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.Place: Mt. Mangart region, grass covered southeast slopes of the ridge between ez jezik pass, 2.055 m and Sedelce pass, 2.031 m, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Gentianella anisodonta ssp. calycina is a beautiful plant, which blooms late and is therefore one of last autumn joys of mountain flowers lovers. It is a plant with not yet agreed upon taxonomy. No wonder! Most species of this genus are very variable. Plants which bloom first in late spring, those, which bloom in summer and those, which bloom even later, may differ drastically in their habitus. All kinds of intermediates can be found. Some authors simply recognize only the name Gentianella anisodonta (Ref.: 3. for example), others distinguish three different taxa within this species name, either on subspecies, varieties or forms level. Nevertheless, Gentianella anisodonta ssp. calycina is considered a high mountains taxon, which doesn't change much regarding different blooming time. Shape, size, sameness and type of the edge of calyx lobes are particularly important in determination. Gentianella anisodonta ssp. calycina has papillate edges of calyx lobes (papillae can be seen on Fig.34). The papillae are about twice as long as thick. Very, very similarly looking but much rarer Gentianella pilosa differs just in a small detail. Its mid rib of calyx lobes is minutely papillate too, contrary to Gentianella anisodonta ssp. calycina. The difference can be seen only using a good hand lens. Regardless to this, both plants are very beautiful and there is fortunately only one 'kind' of beauty!Ref.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 698.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 511. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 28.
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Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. subsp. perfoliata, syn.: Chlora perfoliata (L.) L.,Gentiana perfoliata L.Family: Gentianaceae Juss.EN: Yellow-wort, DE: Durchwachsenblttriger BitterlingSlo.: preraslolistna grenicaDate: May 16. 2007Lat.: 44.37275 Long.: 14.78353, asl 35 mCode: Bot_0187/2007_DSC7590Place: Adriatic Sea, island Olib, south of village Olib, near the beginning of the path to Juna Slatina bay, Zadar archipelago, Croatia EC. Habitat: Garrigue, abandoned fields, old, mostly abandoned olive groves, road sides and semiruderal ground; flat terrain, calcareous ground, open, sunny, dry places; elevation from 3 to 50 m; average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 13-15 deg C, Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: red karst soil.Comment (pertains to pictures in the Flickr album Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata): Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata is a small but interesting plant of Mediterranean region. However, it spreads also in Central European countries as well as in UK. In Slovenia one can find it almost exclusively in its warmest parts near the Adriatic coast. The plant has interesting leaves. Two opposite, grayish- or bluish-green upper stem leaves are completely fused together at the base, so it appears the stalk is growing through a single leaf. Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata's sister taxon Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina is very similar but their upper stem leaves are much less distinctively fused together and also have three (albeit often hardly to see) leaf veins instead of a single, central one as with Blackstonia-perfoliata-subsp-perfoliata.The name given to the taxon is after English pharmacist and botanist John Blackstone who lived in 18. century.Ref.:(1) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 505. (2) M. Blamey, C. Grey-Wilson, Wild Flowers of the Mediterranean, A & C Black, London (2005), p 175.(3) I. Schnfelder, P. Schnfelder, Kosmos Atlas Mittelmeer- und Kanarenflora, Kosmos, (2002), p 63.(4) N. Jogan (ed.), Gradivo za Atlas flore Slovenije (Materials for the Atlas of Flora of Slovenia), CKSF (2001), p 152.
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Jeniang, Kedah, Malaysia
Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wallich. Loganiaceae, also placed in Gentianaceae. CN: [Malay - Kopi utan, Sepuleh, Setebal, Kayu si markop-kopi, Melingu], False coffee tree, Kukodmon. Woody perennial shrub reaching 12m height, smooth stem, leaves opposite, large, thick and fleshy. Inflorescence terminal, drooping, flowers crowded short-stalked, single flower, calyx and corolla tube fleshy, petal thick, cream white and tinged pink on the outside, stamen 5 attached to the petals. Fruit single oval berry.Synonym(s):
Fagraea maingayi C.B. Clarke
Fagraea morindaefolia (Reinw.) Blume
Fagraea subreticulata BlumeRef and suggested reading:
www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/...www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=a...www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/...
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Jimena, Andalusia, Spain
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Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra (Murb.) Hayek, syn.: Gentiana symphyandra Murb.Great Yellow Gentian, Bitter Root, Bitterwort, DE: Verwachsenstaubblttriger EnzianSlo.: bratinski koutnik, zraslopranini rumeni sviDat.: June 20. 2006Lat.: 45.45977 Long.: 14.01204Code: Bot_137/2006_DSC2086Picture file names: from Gentiana lutea-ssp-symphyandra_raw_30 to Gentiana lutea-ssp-symphyandra_raw_35.Habitat: Dry grassland, former pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, south aspect, open, warm and dry place; calcareous ground, limestone; elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), average precipitations ~ 1.500-1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical regionSubstratum: soil.Place: Northwest of the top of Mt. bevnica, 1014 m (3.327 feet), iarija Mountains, Croatia EC. Comment: Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra is a magnificent plant up to 1.5 m tall. It is an old and very powerful medicinal herb recognized by science too and included in pharmacopeia of many nations. About 6.000 tons of its roots are used in the pharma industry in Europe every year (Ref.4). Since the plant is quite rare, endangered and protected by law, most, if not completely, of it comes from plantations. To my personal experience this is the most effective and almost immediately helping remedy for stomach problems (lack of digesting juices). It is the most bitter plant (roots) I've ever tasted.In Slovenia another relative of it - Gentiana lutea ssp. vardjanii Wraber - is also growing. Both plants are similar from far. But they can be easily distinguished by a small flower detail. In Gentiana lutea ssp. vardjanii the stamens are free, while Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra has grown together stamens. The last one also has small brown dots on its petals (see picture 33).Protected according to: Uredba o zavarovanih prostoiveih rastlinskih vrstah, poglavje A, Uradni list RS, t. 46/2004 (Regulation of protected wild plants, chapter A, Official Gazette of Republic Slovenia, no. 46/2004), (2004).Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroenih rastlinskih in ivalskih vrst v rdei seznam, Uradni list RS, t. 82/2002 (Regulation of enlisting of endangered plant and animal species onto Red List, Official Gazette of Republic Slovenia, no. 82/2002) (2002).Enlisted in the Slovene Red List of rare and endangered species, marked by "V" representing a vulnerable species.Ref.:(1) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 508. (2) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 2., Haupt (2004), p 10.(3) A. Kuar in D. Barievi, Cultivation Trials of Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea L. subsp. symphyandra Murb.) in West Part of Slovenia (in Slovene), Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 87 - 2, (2006), pp 213 224; available at:
aas.bf.uni-lj.si/september2006/03kusar.pdf
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Chelonanthus viridiflorus (Mart.) Gilg(Sin. hom. Irlbachia alata subsp. viridiflora (Mart.) J.G.M.Pers. & MaasGENTIANACEAELocal: SMPW, APA Gama Cabea de VeadoRef.: a) Medeiros, J.D. Guia de campo: vegetao do Cerrado 500 espcies. MMA, 2011; b) Cordeiro, I. e Hoch, A.M. Gentianaceae. In. Wanderley, M.G.L. et. al. Flora Fanerogmica do Estado de So Paulo.Vol. 4, 2005.
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Frasera paniculata (syn. F. utahensis and Swertia utahensis). Common names include Utah Elkweed (yet a native species should never be referred to as a "weed"!) and Utah Swertia. Has opposite, white-margined, undulating leaves (not as apparent from this picture as they usually are). Thought to be biennial, but may be a short-lived perennial. Corolla is a greenish-yellow color, or can be closer to white in appearance. Scanned from a slide in 2014. The camera that I was using I believe was a Panasonic SLR.June 15, 1984, Canyon Rims Recreation Area, San Juan County, Utah, elev. roughly 6,000 ft.Note: this is one of about a dozen species with a misidentified photo contained in the 1998 publication of "Canyon Country Wildflowers" by Damian Fagan and published by Falcon Publishing, commonly sold at visitor centers in the area as well as elsewhere. There has been a newer edition of that book and hopefully some of those errors have been corrected.
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Christmas, Florida, United States
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2011-08-23 Styria, district Graz-Umgebung - alpine pasture on Rote Wand (1330 msm Quadrant 8658/4).German name: Gewhnlich-Fransenenzian