Definition: A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.
Definition: Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt.
Definition: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. URL for main institutional website is http://www.acnatsci.org/
Definition: Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University (SYS). Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. URL for main institutional website: http://www.sysu.edu.cn/museum/creature/ Permission for loans required from Forestry Ministry, People's Republic of China.
Definition: Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University (SYS). Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. URL for main institutional website: http://www.sysu.edu.cn/museum/creature/ Permission for loans required from Forestry Ministry, People's Republic of China.
Definition: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS). Brussels, Belgium. URL for main institutional website, http://www.naturalsciences.be/\r\nURL for institutional specimen catalog, http://darwin.naturalsciences.be/
Definition: Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University (SYS). Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. URL for main institutional website: http://www.sysu.edu.cn/museum/creature/ Permission for loans required from Forestry Ministry, People's Republic of China.
Definition: All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined,''other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
Definition: All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined,''other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
Definition: All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined,''other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
Definition: All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined,''other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
Definition: The one specimen or other element used or designated by the original author at the time of publication of the original description as the nomenclatural type of a species or infraspecific taxon. A holotype may be 'explicit' if it is clearly stated in the originating publication or 'implicit' if it is the single specimen proved to have been in the hands of the originating author when the description was published
