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Macroscyphus macropus, (Pers.) C.F. Gray, syn.: Helvella macropusFelt Saddle, DE: Spindelsporige LorchelSlo.: visoki loputarDat.: Oct. 11. 2014Lat.: 46.40132 Long.: 13.70322Code: Bot_847/2014_DSC4724Habitat: mountain pasture, flat terrain, overgrown old river deposits terrace covered by mosses and grasses, near wood edge, calcareous skeletal ground, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations about 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 975 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: shallow skeletal soil, among grass and mosses near a small Picea abies.Place: Zapodn, near a mountain trail along right bank of (dry) river bed of Soa, on the most upstream grassland before the trail enters forests, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This find is an example of a 'strange' looking mushroom, which has neither gills nor pores but smooth spore bearing hymenium on the upper side of its 'hut'. It is an ascomycete producing spores within elongated sacks (asci) and not on basidia. There are a few other species known looking very similarly (genus Cyathipodia), but they are rare. Without microscopy it is hard, if at all possible, to distinguish among them. Macroscyphus macropus is the most common among them in Slovenia and can be distinguished from others by its spores, which have one large centrally located oil drop and two or more smaller drops on each side. It is probably a quite common mushroom, but it is very easily overlooked since it is small, usually grows solitary and is of uniformly gray-brown color, which excellently blends with the patchwork of late autumn ground covered by half faded grasses, fallen leaves, mosses and other ground debris.Growing solitary. 'Pileus' diameter 3 cm, stipe 4.5 cm tall and of 4.5 mm diameter; smell mildly on earth, taste almost none; SP abundant, whitish with ochre tint, oac850.Spores smooth, with one large oil drop and two or more small ones. Dimensions 18.7 [20.7 ; 21.5] 23.5 x 11.7 [12.8 ; 13.2] 14.3 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.6 ; 1.7] 1.9; N = 38; C = 95%; Me = 21.1 x 13 microns; Qe = 1.6. Asci dimensions: 226.8 [244.5 ; 256.8] 274.4 x 14.4 [15.9 ; 16.9] 18.3 microns; Q = 13.2 [14.8 ; 15.9] 17.5; N = 15; C = 95%: Me = 250.6 x 16.4 microns; Qe = 15.3. Projecting excipulum hyphae (hairs) of sterile (lower) surface of sporocarp with many septa. Cell dimensions: 13.7 [20.5 ; 23.6] 30.4 x 9 [11.8 ; 13.1] 15.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.7 ; 1.9] 2.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 22 x 12.5 microns; Qe = 1.8. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores, asci, hairs, trama), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (asci collectively), in water, Congo red.AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1)
www.mushroomexpert.com/helvella_macropus.html(2) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 328. (3) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 810.(4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1113. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 58.
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Helvella lacunosa Afz. ex Fr.Slate Grey Saddle, Elfin Saddle, DE: Gruben-LorchelSlo.: jamiasti loputarDat.: Nov. 1. 2015Lat.: 46.40878 Long.: 13.70856Code: Bot_925/2015_DSC9731Habitat: alpine valley; extensively grazed pasture with scattered trees; Larix decidua, Betula pendula, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; among low grasses and mosses under two Larix decidua trees, however also in the reach of the roots of Betula pendula and Picea abies; almost flat terrain; colluvial, calcareous ground; partly sunny; average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 885 m (2.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: sandy soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, about 50 m upstream of the mountain cottage 'Koa pri izviru Soe', next to access dirt road to Zapodn place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: Fungi in genus Helvella are ascomycete. Their spores grow within 'sacs' called asci and not at the ends of the cells (basidia), of the hymenium (asci bearing surface of fungus) as it is the case with basidiomycetes - that is with 'traditional' mushrooms like boletes, milkcaps or blewits. I like them because they are much less known, less researched and of very different shapes. Their determination seems to me much more interesting (and easier, at least with the big ones) than, for example, distinguishing between 250+ Russula species. But this is, of cause, a matter of personal inclination. The photographed fungi were deep black with a cobalt-blue tint. Only two fruitbodies were found; hymenophor dimensions of the larger 3.5 x 3 x 4 cm, fruitbody 9.5 cm tall (extended), stipe 6 cm long, 2.5 cm wide at the base, in cross-section chambered; the smaller hymenophor measured 2.2 x 2.5 x 3.5 cm, fruitbody was 5 cm tall, stipe 1.3 cm wide, also chambered; flesh fragile; smell unpleasant, on soil or dirty socks; taste indistinctive, mildly mushroomy; SP faint, apparently whitish, oac color could not be determined.Spores smooth with a large oil drop. Dimensions: 18.5 [20.2 ; 21.6] 23.3 x 13 [13.6 ; 14.2] 14.8 microns; Q = 1.3 [1.4 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 11; C = 95%; Me = 20.9 x 13.9 microns; Qe = 1.5. Asci dimensions: 220 [260.5 ; 310.4] 350 x 14.8 [17.7 ; 21.3] 24.3 microns; Q = 10.3 [13.1 ; 16.5] 19.2; N = 7; C = 95%; Me = 285 x 19.5 microns; Qe = 14.8. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hymenium, paraphyses, excipulum), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (asci); in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 360. (2) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 328.(3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1108. (4) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 815. (5) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 272.(6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 608.(x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 54.
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A poisonous species which might be confused with a morel. Widespread in Spring under conifers. Discinaceae Family
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Peziza varia group (Hedw.) Fr. EN: Layered Cup group, DE: Riesenbecherling, Wachsbecherling, Vernderlicher Becherling gruppeSlo.: skupina raznoline sklediceSpores with two gutules inside asci.Dat.: Nov. 26. 2018Lat.: 46.360270 Long.: 13.703867Code: Bot_1165/2018_DSC4314Habitat: trail edge; wood edge (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Picea abies); slightly inclined mountain slope, northeast aspect; calcareous, colluvial, skeletal ground with many calcareous rocks; mostly shady place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 585 m (1.910 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moos covered compact, calcareous rock with a thin layer of humus beneath the moss.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa, next to the trail from Skokar farm house, Trenta 2 to Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: This find remains only vaguely determined. All observed traits do not fit well to any Peziza species description I was able to find. The best fit seems to be Peziza varia group (Ref.1). The fruit body shows (considered typical) five distinct layers in cross section. Asci and paraphyses fit dimensionally well to Peziza varia, however, paraphyses' shape is not moniliform as described in most sources including Breitenbach (Ref. 6). The habit seems only marginally similar to pictures found in the literature (with eventual exception in Ref. 9). Measured spores are consistently too narrow. They exhibit two distinct oil drops when still in asci (observed slightly out of microscope focus). This contradicts to most descriptions in the literature, an exception being Ref.: 5. Also Ref.: 6 states that with several Peziza species oil drops disappear, when the spores become mature and are released from asci. Substratum is very strange. It should be wood/roots according to most sources, but there was no wood or roots of reasonable size in the vicinity of this fruit body. Alternativelyy Peziza cerea (Sowerby) Gilled, also belonging to this group, was consider. Hohmeyer's key in Ref. 8 seems conform to this determination. Peziza cerea has slightly narrower spores than Peziza varia, hence it somewhat better, but not fully, fits to this find. It doesn't have moniliform paraphyses. Also: Ref. 3. states as (one of possible) substratum small wood debris and Ref. 6. states (among other options) organic debris. Both could eventually be present under the moss layer where the fruit body was growing. But, for Peziza cerea the edge of the fruit body should be entire according to Medardi Ref.: 3., which is not the case in this find. But, the upper thoughts may be already superfluous. Molecular research (Ref.: 2) in 2002 apparently demonstrated no justification for recognizing more than one species in the Peziza varia complex. The study included 27 specimens that have been referred to under the names Peziza cerea, Peziza micropus and Peziza repanda from an array of substrates. Morphological characters used to delimit species within this complex, such as color variation of the apothecia, presence or absence of a stipe, stratified or non-stratified medullary exciple and its layers, and moniliform vs. filiform paraphyses were not correlated with the subgroups supported by ITS analyses and appeared to be plastic. Therefore, Peziza cerea, Peziza repanda and Peziza micropus are placed in synonymy with Peziza varia. I don't know to what degree these results are generally accepted today. But they do not reflect (yet?) in Index Fungorum and MycoBank. If this research is accepted, then this find could be named Peziza varia (Hedw.: Fr.) Fr. Fruit body dimensions 4 by 3.5 cm and 3 cm tall; in the field the fruit body was almost the same color inside and outside; after two days, in half dry state, the outer surface became grayish and much lighter than the inner, while the inner surface became much darker brown; taste indistinctive, slightly mushroomy; smell almost none, eventually slightly on rotten leaves, earth; hymenium near the edge of fruit body consisted of almost only paraphyses with some not yet mature asci and in the center of the sporocarp almost only asci with very few paraphyses were present; SP very faint, beige ochre (?). Spores smooth, some may be slightly punctuated (barely visible with my equipment at magnification 1000x - not visible on the published spore picture). Spores taken by soft brush from the center of the fruit body. Spore dimensions: (14.2) 14.5 - 15.9 (16.3) (7) 7.3 - 8 (8.2) m; Q = (1.8) 1.9 - 2.2 (2.3); N = 28; Me = 15.2 7.6 m; Qe = 2. Asci: (239) 243 - 297 (298) (11.5) 13.7 - 16.6 (20.2) m; Q = (11.9) 14.6 - 21.7 (23.5); N = 14; Me = 269 14.7 m; Qe = 18.7. Paraphyses dimensions: diameter: (3.9) 3.93 - 4.7 (5) m; Me = 4.3 m; diameter at the tip: (5.5) 6 - 7.3 (7.9); Me = 6.6 m. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, terminal portion of asci); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (asci, excipulum, hymenium, paraphyses, outer surface) and NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (asci), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and Herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Index Herbariorum acronym LJFRef.: (1) Personal communication with Prof. dr. Dragia Savi, University of Ni, Faculty of Technology, Serbia and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si.(2) K. Hansen, T. Laessoe, D. H. Pfister, Phylogenetic diversity in the core group of Peziza inferred from ITS sequences and morphology, Mycol. Res. 106 (8) (2002), p 879902; available at:
www.ascofrance.com/uploads/forum_file/Peziza-s.str.-Mycol... (accessed Jan. 22. 2019) (3) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico de gli Ascomiceti d'Italia, AMB, (2006), p 209, (4) G. Medardi,
www.yumpu.com/es/document/read/10098062/peziza-cerea-sowe... (5) H.O. Baral & O. Baral, G. Marson, In vivo veritas (Pezizaceae), CD, 2nd edition (2003). (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1., Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 78. (7) M. W. Beug, A.E. Bessette, A.R. Bessette, Ascomycete Fungi of North America, Uni.of Texas Press, Austin (2014), p 221. (8) H. Hohmeyer, Ein Schlussel zu den europaischen Arten der gatung Peziza L., Zeitschrift fur Mykologie (1986), p 161; available at:
www.dgfm-ev.de/publikationen/artikelarchiv/ein-schluessel... (P. cerea) (9)
www.biolib.cz/en/image/id156948/ (accessed Jan.23. 2019)
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Discina ancilis, syn.: Gyromitra ancilis, Discina perlata, Gyromitra perlataPig's Ear Fungus, DE: Grter Scheibling, Scheiben LorchelSlo.: iroka medaljonka, iroki hrekDat.: April 21. 2013Lat.: 46.33684 Long.: 13.56868Code: Bot_705/2013_DSC6028 Habitat: Light, mixed, predominantly hardwood woodland, nearly flat terrain, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), partly rain protected by trees canopies, mostly in shade, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 490 m (1.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: heavily rotten Picea abies trunk laying on ground.Place: Bovec basin, on top of Rabeljnik hill, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing solitary almost at the ground level, however attached to the wood, fruit body diameter 10.5 cm (4.1 inch), smell indistinctive, flesh rubbery but quite brittle when wet and hard and firm when dried; almost no SP, color indistinguishable; upper side of pilei brown-red (oac636), lower side appears waxy, pale whitish brown (oac718).Measured spores pose a problem. All asci in a tissue sample I examined were sterile. This is not unusual (see Ref.:7.) since fertile asci can be found only in fully mature sporocarps. In spite of that there were several scattered spores found in the sample taken from the fertile surface with a soft wet tip of a brush (picture of the spores is a CS combo!). However, only a few were fusiform with apiculi as it should be the case with Discina ancilis. Their dimensions fit more or less to the expected dimensions. The length of the rest of the spores is OK, but they are significantly too wide and of untypical shape. Possibly they belong to another fungus (?). Oil drops are also missing. Possibly these drops develop only in fully mature spores? Asci and paraphyses dimensions fit to expectations. Very similar Disciotis venosa has much smaller spores and distinct smell on chlorine. It also grows on soil, which was not the case with this observation.Spores smooth. Dimensions (all spores found): 37.6 (SD = 3.2) x 18.6 (SD = 2.4) , Q = 2,04 (SD = 0.26), n = 30; if only spindle form spores with apiculi are taken into account and measured without apiculi: 34,3 (SD = 2,9) x 15,8 (SD = 1,2) , Q = 2,2 (SD = 0.4), n = 5. Paraphyses septated, with swollen tips, full of grains, diameter about 7-9 at the tip and 4.5-6 in the middle, densely clustered. Asci sterile (no spores visible), about 16-20 diameter and about 450 in length. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/1.25, magnification 400 x in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot.(2) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 48. (3)
www.jstor.org/stable/3753296?seq=4 (4)
www.gobe.si/Gobe/DiscinaAncilis (5)
www.drustvo-bisernica.si/oldpage/discinaancilis.htm (6)
www.gobe.si/Gobe/DisciotisVenosa(7) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 796. (8) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 798. (9)
www.mushroomexpert.com/gyromitra_perlata.html (10 ) R.M. Davis, R. Sommer, J.A. Menge, Mushrooms of Western North America, UC Press, Berkeley (2012), p 404.(11) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 798.(12)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5692.asp
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Cradley, Malvern Worcs. SO7347
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Discina perlata (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., syn.: Gyromitra perlata (Fr.: Fr.) Harm., Gyromitra ancilis (pers. ex Fr.) KreiselPig's Ears, DE.: Schildfrmige LorchelSlo.: iroki hrekDat.: March 11. 2016Lat.: 46.36118 Long.: 13.70172Code: Bot_936/2016_DSC0518Habitat: grassland, pasture, moderately southeast inclined mountain slope at the foot of a mountain; shallow, skeletal, calcareous soil; old overgrown colluvial ground; dry and sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 630 m (2.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: small Picea abies stump, almost totally decomposed.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa, 'Na Melu' place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: This is a very young not yet mature pileus. Growing solitary. Pileus diameter 14 mm, stipe 3 mm long and 5 mm in diameter; very gelatinous, specially hymenium; smell none; no SP; neither mature asci nor spores seen. Discina perlata is an early spring lignicolous species growing almost exclusively on Picea abies. When mature it can have over ten cm in diameter.Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hymenium, context, mycelia), in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication. Id'ed by Mr. Gregor Podgornik, Tolmin.(2) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 53.(3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 64. (4) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 40.(5) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier,
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Castelnuovo, Abruzzi, Italy
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Photographed in the Tasman National Park at Waterfall Bay.
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Throop, England, United Kingdom
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Jimena, Andalusia, Spain
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Humaria hemisphaerica (Wiggers: Fr.) Fuckel, syn.: Peziza hemisphaerica F.H.Wigg.Glazed Cup, Hairy Fairy Cup, DE: Halbkugeliger BorstlingSlo.: polobla kosmatinkaDat.: Sept. 07. 2014Lat.: 46.36846 Long.: 13.74757Code: Bot_834/2014_DSC3758Habitat: locally north oriented mountain slope, mixed wood, locally Picea abies dominant, calcareous ground, among needles and leaf litter, ground without greenery; full shade, humid place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 800 m (2.625 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil under Picea abies canopies.Place: Lower Trenta valley, lower Trenta village, just above the beginningof alpine trail to Planina Lepo, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Habitat and habitus of these cup fungi fit very well to Humaria hemisphaerica. Also spore shape, surface and gutules do so. The species is a common one. At least in my literature I can't find an acceptable alternative determination. However, spore and asci dimensions do not correspond to data from literature. I don't know whether the differences observed are acceptable (data from literature have quite large scatter too) or this find represents another, probably rarer and seldom described species.Growing in a few groups of more than 30 fruit bodies in an area of about 2 x 2 m; apparently associated whit Lycoperdon perlatum. Some cups seemed as attached to this fungus (see Fig.3) and I didn't find a single cup more than a quarter of meter away of more than ten fruitbodies of Lycoperdon. Pilei diameter 8 - 22 mm, like translucent, pearly inside; taste and smell indistinctive; SP too faint to allow color determination.Spores warty with two large gutules each. Spore dimensions: 25.4 [27.1 ; 27.8] 29.6 x 13.8 [14.5 ; 14.8] 15.5 , Q = 1.7 [1.8 ; 1.9] 2; N = 37 ; C = 95%, Me = 27.5 x 14.7 ; Qe = 1.9. Asci dimensions: 205.4 [231.4 ; 244.8] 270.8 x 13 [15.4 ; 16.6] 19 , Q = 12.9 [14.5 ; 15.4] 17; N = 24; C = 95%, Me = 238.1 x 16 ; Qe = 14.9. Hairs septated. Dimensions: 339 [505 ; 621] 787 x 13 [15.2 ; 16.8] 19 , Q = 20.1 [31.6 ; 39.6] 51.1; N = 15; C = 95%, Me = 563.5 x 16 ; Qe = 35.6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores), NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (asci details), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (asci, paraphyses) and Bausch & Lomb 4x/0.10, magnification 40x (hairs), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 365. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 90.(3) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 330. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (5) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 839.
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Scutellinia scutellataEylash Pixie Cup, Holz-SchildborstlingSlo.: itasta etinkaDate: Oct. 05. 2009Lat.: 46.33439 Long.: 13.48114Code: Bot_388/2009-5863Habitat: Mixed, predominantly Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3 -5 deg C, elevation 1.330 m (4.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: fallen, heavily rotted trunk of an unknown deciduous tree, probably Fagus sylvatica Place: Gozdec forest, above the road from Mt.Kanin cable car station B to the foot of Mt. Kopa, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECRef.:R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Mayer (2008), p 144D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 839
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Ptychoverpa bohemica, syn.: Verpa bohemica,Early morel, Wrinkled thimble-cap, Bhmische VerpelSlo.: eki mavrahovecDate: April 15. 2010Lat.: 46.33661 Long.: 13.56904Code: Bot_411/2010-1858Habitat: Light, mixed, predominantly hardwood woodland, nearly flat terrain, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), partly rain protected by trees canopies, mostly in shade, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 500 m (1.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Bovec basin, Humi hill, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Solitary but quite a few. Spore dimensions: 82,3 (SD=6,1) x 20,1 (SD=2,3) micr., Q=4,1 (SD=0,52). Ref.:Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si/(1)
www.mushroomexpert.com/verpa_bohemica.html (2)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6911.asp (3)
grzyby.pl/gatunki/Ptychoverpa_bohemica.htm (4) M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 326(5) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 794
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No stem underneath for i.d purposesCroft Bank,Mathon area, Worcs.
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Photographed at Dover Beach Park, Dover, Tasmania.
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Amazonas, Brazil
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Helvella macropus, syn.: Macroscyphus macropus Felt SaddleSlo.: visoki loputarDat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03697 Long.: 14.02205Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2584 Habitat: extensively used grassland, flat terrain, on overgrown river deposits terrace, humid air place, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 320 m (1.000 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: rich soilPlace: Near confluence of rivers Idrijca and Ganik, right bank of river Idrijca, close to Spodnja Idrija town, Gorika, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing solitary, pileus diameter about 2.5 cm (one inch). Spores fusiform, smooth. Spore dimensions: 22.0 (SD = 0.9) x 12.1 (SD = 0.3) micr., Q = 1.83 (SD = 0.09), n = 21. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1)
www.mushroomexpert.com/helvella_macropus.html 21-24 x 10.5-12.5 ;(2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 328. 20-25/10-12(3) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p xx(4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1113. 22-26/12-14(5)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6004~sou... 20-30/10-12
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2011-02-19 (shot taken on the 20th) Lower Austria, district Gnserndorf (just outside the national park - broadleaf forest, 155 m AMSL).Not yet ripe asci; taken with BRESSER BioLux AL microscope (40x), in-built low-resolution camera sensor.German name: sterreich-KelchbecherlingFor ID see
remarks here.
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Macroscyphus macropus, (Pers.) C.F. Gray, syn.: Helvella macropusFelt Saddle, DE: Spindelsporige LorchelSlo.: visoki loputarAsci at magnification 100x.Dat.: Oct. 11. 2014Lat.: 46.40132 Long.: 13.70322Code: Bot_847/2014_DSC4724Habitat: mountain pasture, flat terrain, overgrown old river deposits terrace covered by mosses and grasses, near wood edge, calcareous skeletal ground, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations about 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 975 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: shallow skeletal soil, among grass and mosses near a small Picea abies.Place: Zapodn, near a mountain trail along right bank of (dry) river bed of Soa, on the most upstream grassland before the trail enters forests, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: This find is an example of a 'strange' looking mushroom, which has neither gills nor pores but smooth spore bearing hymenium on the upper side of its 'hut'. It is an ascomycete producing spores within elongated sacks (asci) and not on basidia. There are a few other species known looking very similarly (genus Cyathipodia), but they are rare. Without microscopy it is hard, if at all possible, to distinguish among them. Macroscyphus macropus is the most common among them in Slovenia and can be distinguished from others by its spores, which have one large centrally located oil drop and two or more smaller drops on each side. It is probably a quite common mushroom, but it is very easily overlooked since it is small, usually grows solitary and is of uniformly gray-brown color, which excellently blends with the patchwork of late autumn ground covered by half faded grasses, fallen leaves, mosses and other ground debris.Growing solitary. 'Pileus' diameter 3 cm, stipe 4.5 cm tall and of 4.5 mm diameter; smell mildly on earth, taste almost none; SP abundant, whitish with ochre tint, oac850.Spores smooth, with one large oil drop and two or more small ones. Dimensions 18.7 [20.7 ; 21.5] 23.5 x 11.7 [12.8 ; 13.2] 14.3 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.6 ; 1.7] 1.9; N = 38; C = 95%; Me = 21.1 x 13 microns; Qe = 1.6. Asci dimensions: 226.8 [244.5 ; 256.8] 274.4 x 14.4 [15.9 ; 16.9] 18.3 microns; Q = 13.2 [14.8 ; 15.9] 17.5; N = 15; C = 95%: Me = 250.6 x 16.4 microns; Qe = 15.3. Projecting excipulum hyphae (hairs) of sterile (lower) surface of sporocarp with many septa. Cell dimensions: 13.7 [20.5 ; 23.6] 30.4 x 9 [11.8 ; 13.1] 15.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.7 ; 1.9] 2.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 22 x 12.5 microns; Qe = 1.8. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores, asci, hairs, trama), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (asci collectively), in water, Congo red.AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1)
www.mushroomexpert.com/helvella_macropus.html(2) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 328. (3) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 810.(4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1113. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 58.
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Helvella lacunosa Afz. ex Fr.Slate Grey Saddle, Elfin Saddle, DE: Gruben-LorchelSlo.: jamiasti loputarDat.: Nov. 1. 2015Lat.: 46.40878 Long.: 13.70856Code: Bot_925/2015_DSC9731Habitat: alpine valley; extensively grazed pasture with scattered trees; Larix decidua, Betula pendula, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; among low grasses and mosses under two Larix decidua trees, however also in the reach of the roots of Betula pendula and Picea abies; almost flat terrain; colluvial, calcareous ground; partly sunny; average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 885 m (2.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: sandy soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, about 50 m upstream of the mountain cottage 'Koa pri izviru Soe', next to access dirt road to Zapodn place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: Fungi in genus Helvella are ascomycete. Their spores grow within 'sacs' called asci and not at the ends of the cells (basidia), of the hymenium (asci bearing surface of fungus) as it is the case with basidiomycetes - that is with 'traditional' mushrooms like boletes, milkcaps or blewits. I like them because they are much less known, less researched and of very different shapes. Their determination seems to me much more interesting (and easier, at least with the big ones) than, for example, distinguishing between 250+ Russula species. But this is, of cause, a matter of personal inclination. The photographed fungi were deep black with a cobalt-blue tint. Only two fruitbodies were found; hymenophor dimensions of the larger 3.5 x 3 x 4 cm, fruitbody 9.5 cm tall (extended), stipe 6 cm long, 2.5 cm wide at the base, in cross-section chambered; the smaller hymenophor measured 2.2 x 2.5 x 3.5 cm, fruitbody was 5 cm tall, stipe 1.3 cm wide, also chambered; flesh fragile; smell unpleasant, on soil or dirty socks; taste indistinctive, mildly mushroomy; SP faint, apparently whitish, oac color could not be determined.Spores smooth with a large oil drop. Dimensions: 18.5 [20.2 ; 21.6] 23.3 x 13 [13.6 ; 14.2] 14.8 microns; Q = 1.3 [1.4 ; 1.6] 1.7; N = 11; C = 95%; Me = 20.9 x 13.9 microns; Qe = 1.5. Asci dimensions: 220 [260.5 ; 310.4] 350 x 14.8 [17.7 ; 21.3] 24.3 microns; Q = 10.3 [13.1 ; 16.5] 19.2; N = 7; C = 95%; Me = 285 x 19.5 microns; Qe = 14.8. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hymenium, paraphyses, excipulum), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (asci); in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 360. (2) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 328.(3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1108. (4) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 815. (5) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 272.(6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 608.(x) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 54.