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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 2.Images of Acrozoanthus and Zoanthus species from photographic records in this study. A Acrozoanthus australiae at Nusa Penida, Lombok Strait, east Bali, May 26, 1998 B Zoanthus sansibaricus at Station BER.26, northeast Buliulin (south of Samama Island), East Kalimantan, Berau Islands, October 15, 2003 C Zoanthus sp. at west side of Pulau Samalona, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, September 16, 1997; and D Zoanthus sp. west of Gusung (=Pulau Lae–Lae Keke), Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, October 11 1997.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 1.Sampling locations of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. specimens. a Okinawa Island b Tokashiki Island c Yaeyama Islands d Lyudao (Green Island) e Kenting f Poindimié. Palythoa mizigama was found from Ryukyu Archipelago, Taiwan and New Caledonia (a, b, c, e, f), while Palythoa umbrosa was found from the Yaeyama Islands and Taiwan (c, d).
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 3.Distribution of Acrozoanthus and Zoanthus species from specimens and photographic records from this study. Acrozoanthus australiae specimens in red, Zoanthus sansibaricus in green, and Zoanthus sp. in blue. Region numbers correspond to locations given in species’ information. Boxes indicate presence of specimens (with or without photographic records), while circles indicate only photographic records. Overlapping symbols indicate the same region.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 2.In situ images of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. a Palythoa mizigama; single radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on September 28, 2009, at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b Palythoa mizigama; several radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by J. Reimer on April 22, 2010, at Mizugama c Palythoa mizigama; with no radial lines on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on April 12, 2009, at Mizugama d Palythoa mizigama; closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on June 16, 2009, at Mizugama e Palythoa umbrosa (TW_18); closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on November 2, 2009, at Lyudao, Taiwan f Palythoa umbrosa (IRI_TF2); closed polyps. Image taken by T. Fujii on November 9, 2012, at Sotobanari Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 7.Distribution of Palythoa species from specimens and photographic records from this study. Palythoa cf. mutuki specimens in red, Palythoa sp. in green, Palythoa cf. heliodiscus in blue, Palythoa aff. tuberculosa in yellow, and Palythoa tuberculosa in pink. Region numbers correspond to locations given in species’ information. Boxes indicate presence of specimens (with or without photographic records), while circles indicate only photographic records. Overlapping symbols indicate the same region.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 3.Palythoa mizigama sp. n. after fixation in 70–99.5% ethanol (a, c) or 4–10% SW formalin (b, d). a MIZ_33; closed polyps. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on May 13, 2008 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b MIZ_071110_2; close up of a partially open polyp. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on November 7, 2010 at Mizugama c MIZ_33; tentacles (isolated). Horizontal black stripes visible. Scale bar=0.25 cm d MIZ_260910; close up image of a longitudinal section. Tentacles visible with faint stripes. Note the column wall densely incrusted with sand grains. Scale bar=0.25 cm. Collected by Y. Irei on September 26, 2010 at Mizugama. All images taken through stereomicroscope.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 9.Images of Palythoa tuberculosa and Palythoa aff. tuberculosa from specimens and photographic records in this study. A Palythoa aff. tuberculosa specimen RMNH Coel 40521, Snellius Expedition, Sulu Islands, Philippines, collected on September 11–17, 1930; and B Palythoa tuberculosa at Madang, Papua New Guinea, June 1992. Scale in A 1 cm.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 4.Dominant cnidae types of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. tissue. a spirocyst b basitrich, and c p-mastigophore d holotrich. Scale bar shows 10–40 μm.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 10.Images of Sphenopus species from photographic records in this study. A Sphenopus marsupialus at east Bone Lola shoal, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, October 27, 1997 B Sphenopus marsupialus at station BER.14, lighthouse northeast Pulau Panjang Island, East Kalimantan, Berau Islands, October 9, 2003 C Sphenopus pedunculatus specimen RMNH Coel 40507, Kepulauan Seribu Expedition station SER.29, north side of Pulau Tikus, Thousand Islands off Jakarta, northwest Java, depth = 30 m, collected on September 18, 2005 by B.W. Hoeksema; and D Sphenopus pedunculatus specimen RMNH Coel 40510, East Kalimantan–Berau Expedition station BER.03, south side of Pulau Derawan, East Kalimantan, depth = 15 m, collected on October 21, 2003 by B.W. Hoeksema.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 5.Longitudinal section of a reproductive polyp of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. Collected on Aug. 19, 2010 at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan. a spermaries b ovaries. Scale bar=0.5 cm.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 11.Distribution of Sphenopus species from specimens and photographic records from this study. Sphenopus marsupialus specimens in red, and Sphenopus pedunculatus in green. Region numbers correspond to locations given in species’ information. Boxes indicate presence of specimens (with or without photographic records), while circles indicate only photographic records. Overlapping symbols indicate the same region.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 7.Maximum likelihood tree based on internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA for family Sphenopidae. Numbers on nodes represent ML and neighbor-joining (NJ) bootstrap values (>65% are shown). Thick branches indicate high supports of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95). Sequences obtained from GenBank are shown with accession numbers.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 10.Images of Sphenopus species from photographic records in this study. A Sphenopus marsupialus at east Bone Lola shoal, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, October 27, 1997 B Sphenopus marsupialus at station BER.14, lighthouse northeast Pulau Panjang Island, East Kalimantan, Berau Islands, October 9, 2003 C Sphenopus pedunculatus specimen RMNH Coel 40507, Kepulauan Seribu Expedition station SER.29, north side of Pulau Tikus, Thousand Islands off Jakarta, northwest Java, depth = 30 m, collected on September 18, 2005 by B.W. Hoeksema; and D Sphenopus pedunculatus specimen RMNH Coel 40510, East Kalimantan–Berau Expedition station BER.03, south side of Pulau Derawan, East Kalimantan, depth = 15 m, collected on October 21, 2003 by B.W. Hoeksema.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 8.Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA for family Sphenopidae. Numbers on nodes represent ML and neighbor-joining (NJ) bootstrap values (>50% are shown). Thick branches indicate high supports of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95). Sequences obtained from GenBank are shown with accession numbers.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 11.Distribution of Sphenopus species from specimens and photographic records from this study. Sphenopus marsupialus specimens in red, and Sphenopus pedunculatus in green. Region numbers correspond to locations given in species’ information. Boxes indicate presence of specimens (with or without photographic records), while circles indicate only photographic records. Overlapping symbols indicate the same region.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 9.Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene for family Sphenopidae. Numbers on nodes represent ML and neighbor-joining (NJ) bootstrap values (>50% are shown). Thick branches indicate high supports of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95). Sequences obtained from GenBank are shown with accession numbers.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 12.Images of Hydrozoanthus species from photographic records in this study. A Hydrozoanthus gracilis from Fauna Malesiana Maluku Expedition, station MAL.21, west of Lilibooi, north coast Ambon Bay, Ambon, Moluccas, November 20, 1996 B Hydrozoanthus gracilis at Southwest Nusa Penida, east Bali, May 25, 1998 C Hydrozoanthus sp. 1 at Balicasag Island, Cebu Strait, Philippines, November 21, 1999; and D Hydrozoanthus sp. 2 at East Kalimantan Program station BER.20, Tanjung Pandan shoal, Southwest of Pulau Panjang, East Kalimantan, Berau Islands, October 22, 2003.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 1.Sampling locations of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. specimens. a Okinawa Island b Tokashiki Island c Yaeyama Islands d Lyudao (Green Island) e Kenting f Poindimié. Palythoa mizigama was found from Ryukyu Archipelago, Taiwan and New Caledonia (a, b, c, e, f), while Palythoa umbrosa was found from the Yaeyama Islands and Taiwan (c, d).
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 13.Distribution of Hydrozoanthus species from specimens and photographic records from this study. Hydrozoanthus gracilis specimens in red, Hydrozoanthus sp. 1 in green, and Hydrozoanthus sp. 2 in blue. Region numbers correspond to locations given in species’ information. Boxes indicate presence of specimens (with or without photographic records), while circles indicate only photographic records. Overlapping symbols indicate the same region.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 2.In situ images of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. a Palythoa mizigama; single radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on September 28, 2009, at Mizugama, Okinawa Island, Japan b Palythoa mizigama; several radial lines visible on oral disks. Image taken by J. Reimer on April 22, 2010, at Mizugama c Palythoa mizigama; with no radial lines on oral disks. Image taken by Y. Irei on April 12, 2009, at Mizugama d Palythoa mizigama; closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on June 16, 2009, at Mizugama e Palythoa umbrosa (TW_18); closed polyps. Image taken by Y. Irei on November 2, 2009, at Lyudao, Taiwan f Palythoa umbrosa (IRI_TF2); closed polyps. Image taken by T. Fujii on November 9, 2012, at Sotobanari Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 12.Images of Hydrozoanthus species from photographic records in this study. A Hydrozoanthus gracilis from Fauna Malesiana Maluku Expedition, station MAL.21, west of Lilibooi, north coast Ambon Bay, Ambon, Moluccas, November 20, 1996 B Hydrozoanthus gracilis at Southwest Nusa Penida, east Bali, May 25, 1998 C Hydrozoanthus sp. 1 at Balicasag Island, Cebu Strait, Philippines, November 21, 1999; and D Hydrozoanthus sp. 2 at East Kalimantan Program station BER.20, Tanjung Pandan shoal, Southwest of Pulau Panjang, East Kalimantan, Berau Islands, October 22, 2003.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 4.Dominant cnidae types of Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. tissue. a spirocyst b basitrich, and c p-mastigophore d holotrich. Scale bar shows 10–40 μm.
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James D. Reimer, Angelo Poliseno, Bert W. Hoeksema
Zookeys
Figure 13.Distribution of Hydrozoanthus species from specimens and photographic records from this study. Hydrozoanthus gracilis specimens in red, Hydrozoanthus sp. 1 in green, and Hydrozoanthus sp. 2 in blue. Region numbers correspond to locations given in species’ information. Boxes indicate presence of specimens (with or without photographic records), while circles indicate only photographic records. Overlapping symbols indicate the same region.
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Yuka Irei, Frederic Sinniger, James Davis Reimer
Zookeys
Figure 6.Palythoa umbrosa sp. n. after fixation in 4-10% SW formalin. a IRI_TF2; slightly expanded polyp. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by T. Fujii on November 9, 2012 at Sotobanari Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan b IRI_TF1; closed polyp. Scale bar=0.5 cm. Collected by T. Fujii on November 9, 2012 at Sotobanari Island c IRI_TF2; close up of a longitudinal section. Note the white tentacles with small black dots. Scale bar=0.2 cm d IRI_TF2; close up of a polyp capitalum. Column incrusted with irregularly-sized particles. Scale bar=0.25 cm. All images taken through stereomicroscope.