The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology

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Identifier: animansmanelemen00kell (find matches)
Title: The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology
Year: 1911 (1910s)
Authors: Kellogg, Vernon L. (Vernon Lyman), 1867-1937 McCracken, Mary Isabel
Subjects: Zoology Physiology
Publisher: New York, H. Holt and company
Contributing Library: MBLWHOI Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MBLWHOI Library

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udyof insect life in general. It is a direct outcome of suchstudy, for example, that the present widespread and suc-cessful use of insect parasites as natural remedies for insectpests has been developed. This method of insect fighting,which is simply the encouragement and assistance of Nature,promises soon to be the most important of all modes oflessening the losses due to our insect enemies. In 1868 some young lemon and orange trees were broughtto Menlo Park, California, from Australia. These little 180 FIGHTING INSECT PESTS 181 trees were unfortunately infested by a few small degeneratesap-sucking insects called, from the curious white waxenegg-masses which they produce, cottony cushion scale insects.These insects evidently found California and its orangeorchards congenial in climate, rich in food and devoid ofenemies for them, because by 1880 the cottony cushion scaleswere so abundant and wide-spread as to be a serious pest.By another ten years they had become a menace to the whole
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FIG. 89. The cottony cushion scale, Icerya pnrchasi, attacked by theAustralian lady-bird beetle, Norius cardinalis. (Upper figure slightlyenlarged, lower figure much enlarged; drawn from life.) orange industry of the state. In 1888 an entomologist was sent to Australia to huntfor native natural enemies of the cottony cushion scale.He found a very small red and black lady-bird beetle, calledNovius cardinalis, feeding on the cottony cushion scales,and doing this so effectively that the scale insects were keptwithin safe numbers in Australia. Almost all the lady-birdbeetles are beneficial insects in that their food consistschiefly of other insects and mostly such injurious kinds asplant lice and scale bugs. The entomologist collected a few of the little black andred lady-bird beetles and sent them to California wherethey were enclosed under netting with orange branchesinfested by cottony cushion scales. The beetles began i82 THE ANIMALS AND MAN their beneficent work, increased in numbers

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